3.3 Multiple trap levels

In order to specify multiple trap levels (either in the bulk, or at interfaces), the user can supply a file for either bulk or interface traps. The name of these files is specified by parameter \(\mathtt{\require{color}{\color[rgb]{0.000000000000000,0.500000000000000,0.500000000000000} bulk/intTrapFile}}\). The input parameters \(\mathtt{\require{color}{\color[rgb]{0.000000000000000,0.500000000000000,0.500000000000000} N\_ t\_ bulk}}\) and \(\mathtt{\require{color}{\color[rgb]{0.000000000000000,0.500000000000000,0.500000000000000} N\_ t\_ bulk}}\) are ignored if using the input files. The input file(s) specifies the energy (in eV below vacuum, so positive) and the corresponding density of traps. For bulk traps, the latter is in m\(^{-3}\), while for interface traps this is in m\(^{-2}\). The order of the trap levels is of no consequence. An example of \(\mathtt{\require{color}{\color[rgb]{0.000000000000000,0.500000000000000,0.500000000000000} bulkTrapFile}}\):

E   Ntrap  *header, must be there!
4   1e15     comments may be added
4.2 8e14
4.4 2e14

This introduces three trap levels in the bulk.

After reading the trap energies, a number of checks are performed to ensure that the energies make sense given the conduction and valence band energies of the layer that contains the traps. Columns \(\mathtt{\require{color}{\color[rgb]{0.000000000000000,0.500000000000000,0.500000000000000} ntb}}\) and \(\mathtt{\require{color}{\color[rgb]{0.000000000000000,0.500000000000000,0.500000000000000} nti}}\) in the \(\mathtt{\require{color}{\color[rgb]{0.000000000000000,0.500000000000000,0.500000000000000} varFile}}\) list the total density of electrons trapped in bulk, resp. interface traps.